Frisk during a traffic stop
555 U.S. 323 (2009)
NationwideU.S. Supreme Court
Quick Rule
A lawful traffic stop does not by itself authorize a frisk. Reasonable suspicion that the person is armed and dangerous is still required.
Field Reminder
Identify the specific safety facts before frisking a driver or passenger.
Important Limits
Unrelated questions cannot measurably extend the stop without separate lawful grounds. Keep the frisk confined to weapons protection.
Sources
Opinion sources reviewed October 4, 2026. Editorial summaries; not a comprehensive review of later decisions or Florida-specific requirements. Follow agency policy, certified training, and State Attorney guidance.